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About this project

The Taylor Scott Solar PV Toolset is a set of free, browser-based utilities developed for use in solar photovoltaic design, feasibility analysis, and planning. The tools were initially created for my personal use and to fill gaps that I used every day. They should be considered to be in beta and I make no claim on the accuracy of their output. The tools are provided for use under the terms of service.

All tools run entirely in the browser. No data is sent to a server, no account is required, and no information is stored or tracked. Calculations are performed client-side using JavaScript.

Developed by Taylor Scott, solar PV consultant based in Ontario, Canada. Taylor Scott Solar Consulting provides engineering and technical advisory services for commercial and industrial PV projects across Canada.

PV Snow Loss

Snow Loss Calculator

Estimates annual energy losses from snow accumulation on rooftop photovoltaic arrays using two independent empirical and physics-based models.

Purpose

Snow accumulation on PV modules reduces energy production by blocking incident irradiance. This tool quantifies that loss as a percentage of annual yield, broken down by month, using Canadian climate data and established loss estimation models. It is intended for use in yield reports, feasibility studies, and owner documentation where a defensible snow loss figure is required.

Models implemented

Two independent models are calculated in parallel, each producing a monthly and annual loss estimate:

Marion et al. Model (2013) — Hourly physics-based

Simulates snow cover on an hourly basis using ERA5 reanalysis data. Fresh snowfall events trigger full module coverage. Snow slides off at a rate proportional to incident irradiance, modulated by a sliding coefficient that differs for ground-mounted and roof-mounted systems. Coverage fraction drives fractional loss at each hour.

Default sliding coefficients: Ground = 6.0, Roof = 1.97 (from Marion et al., 2013). These can be overridden in the Array & Model Inputs tab.

Townsend et al. Model (2013) — Monthly empirical

A regression-based empirical model driven by monthly climate normals: total snowfall, average temperature, average humidity, and plane-of-array irradiance. Calibrated against measured field data and suitable where hourly data is unavailable or a simpler monthly summary is preferred.

Default constants: C₁ = 57,000 · C₂ = 0.50 · Pile angle = 40° (from Townsend et al., 2013).

Climate data sources

SourceVariablesPeriod
EC Climate Normals Monthly snowfall, snow days, mean temperature, relative humidity — from the nearest Environment Canada climate station 1981–2010 normals
ERA5 Reanalysis Hourly GHI, DNI, DHI, temperature, snowfall — used for Marion hourly model and as fallback where EC data is unavailable User-defined study period (5–10 years recommended)
User override Any monthly climate value can be manually edited to reflect project-specific or locally measured data
EC Climate Normals are used preferentially for snowfall, temperature, and humidity where available, as they represent a longer and more stable climatological record than a sample-period ERA5 average. Solar irradiance is always sourced from ERA5 — Environment Canada does not routinely collect POA irradiance.

Key inputs

InputDescription
Latitude / LongitudeSite coordinates in decimal degrees — used for EC station search and ERA5 data extraction
Study periodStart and end year for ERA5 hourly data (used in Marion model)
Module tiltArray tilt angle from horizontal — affects irradiance on POA and snow sliding
Module azimuthArray facing direction — used for ERA5 POA calculation
Mount typeRoof-mounted or ground-mounted — selects appropriate Marion sliding coefficient default
Row lengthModule dimension along the slope — used in Townsend pile geometry calculation
Lower edge heightHeight of panel lower edge above grade — drives Townsend ground-interference term

Assumptions

  • Fresh snowfall is assumed to cover the full module face immediately upon deposition.
  • Snow sliding is assumed to occur as a function of accumulated irradiance only — temperature-driven melt is not separately modelled.
  • The EC station search returns nearby stations and checks for snow data availability; not all stations carry complete snow normals.
  • ERA5 data is fetched via the Open-Meteo API for the specified study period; data availability is subject to Open-Meteo service uptime.
  • Plane-of-array irradiance is calculated from ERA5 GHI/DNI/DHI using simple transposition — no terrain shading or inter-row shading is applied.
  • Results represent average annual conditions over the study period and do not account for year-to-year variability.

Limitations

  • This tool produces estimates for preliminary analysis. It is not a certified energy model.
  • Model accuracy is sensitive to the Marion sliding coefficient; site-specific calibration improves results.
  • EC Climate Normals (1981–2010) may not reflect current or projected climate conditions.
  • The tool does not account for partial module coverage, soiling, or combined snow and shade effects.
  • Results should not be used as the sole basis for yield guarantees, financing, or contract performance claims.

References

  • Marion, B., Schaefer, R., Caine, H., Sanchez, G. (2013) — "Measured and modeled photovoltaic system energy losses from snow for Colorado and Wisconsin locations." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications.
  • Townsend, T.I., Powers, L.J. (2013) — "Photovoltaics and snow: An update from two winters of study." 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.
  • Environment and Climate Change Canada — Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. climate.weather.gc.ca
  • ERA5 / Copernicus Climate Change Service — Hourly reanalysis data via Open-Meteo API (open-meteo.com)
Open Snow Loss Calculator →
PV Shade Profile

Shade Block Coordinate Generator

Calculates the shadow profile geometry of a planar obstruction relative to a solar array and outputs AutoCAD-ready coordinate sets for use in design drawing packages.

Purpose

Roof-mounted PV arrays frequently include setback zones around obstructions such as HVAC equipment, skylights, parapets, and roof penetrations. Accurately plotting the shaded footprint of each obstruction requires solar geometry calculations that are time-consuming to perform manually.

This tool calculates the shade block coordinate polygon for a given obstruction and outputs it as an AutoCAD polyline script, ready to paste into a drawing file. It is designed for use in roof layout drawings, permit packages, and shade analysis documentation.

Methodology

The tool computes the sun's altitude and azimuth angles for each hour of the day at each date in the selected date range, for the specified site latitude and longitude. For each solar position, it calculates the shadow cast by the obstruction (defined by its width, depth, and height) onto the roof plane.

The outer boundary of all shadow positions across the specified date and time range forms the shade block polygon. This polygon is then expressed as Cartesian coordinates relative to the obstruction base, which can be placed in an AutoCAD drawing by running the generated script.

Solar position is calculated using standard astronomical algorithms (declination, hour angle, altitude, and azimuth). No terrain shading or diffuse irradiance modelling is included — the tool models direct-beam shadow geometry only.

Key inputs

InputDescription
Latitude / LongitudeSite coordinates — used to compute local solar position throughout the day and year
Date rangeStart and end dates for the shadow analysis — typically the design period (e.g., winter solstice to summer solstice)
Time rangeStart and end hours of day — constrains which sun positions are included in the shadow envelope
Obstruction widthLateral dimension of the obstruction, perpendicular to the primary shadow axis
Obstruction depthDimension of the obstruction in the direction facing the array
Obstruction heightHeight of the top of the obstruction above the array plane — primary driver of shadow extent
Array tiltTilt of the receiving surface — affects the projected shadow geometry on a tilted plane
Array azimuthFacing direction of the array — used to orient the output coordinate system

Assumptions

  • The obstruction is modelled as a rectangular solid with vertical sides.
  • Shadows are computed using direct-beam geometry only — diffuse irradiance is not modelled.
  • The receiving surface (array plane) is modelled as a flat, uniform tilted plane with no inter-row gaps.
  • Solar position is calculated for the specified coordinates using standard astronomical equations. Atmospheric refraction is not applied.
  • Coordinate output is relative to the centre base of the obstruction — the user is responsible for accurate placement in the drawing.
  • Clipping to sunrise and sunset is applied; hours outside daylight are excluded from the envelope.

Limitations

  • This tool models direct-beam shadow geometry. It does not model diffuse sky irradiance, which contributes production even within the geometric shadow zone.
  • Results are most relevant for shade-avoidance setbacks — they do not replace a full shade loss simulation for yield analysis.
  • The tool does not account for multiple obstructions, inter-obstruction shading, or complex roof geometries.
  • AutoCAD script output assumes a flat coordinate system — no elevation or slope correction is applied beyond the array tilt.
  • Coordinate output should be reviewed and verified against site drawings before inclusion in permit or construction packages.
Open Shade Calculator →

General notes

No data collection

These tools run entirely in the browser. No inputs, outputs, or usage data are transmitted to any server. There are no cookies, analytics, or user accounts.

Output formats

Both tools offer downloadable outputs (CSV reports and AutoCAD scripts respectively). Downloaded files are generated locally in the browser and are not transmitted externally.

Engineering disclaimer

All results produced by these tools are estimates intended for preliminary analysis, planning, and documentation support. They are not certified engineering calculations and should not be relied upon as a substitute for professional engineering review, site-specific assessment, or verified design analysis. See the full engineering disclaimer.

Intellectual property

The tools, their source code, calculation methods, and design are the property of Taylor Scott. Use is subject to the Terms of Use. Results may be used in professional work without restriction; reproduction or redistribution of the tool itself requires written permission.